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With laminar flow, the coolant layer nearest the extrusion, often called a boundary layer, has a low velocity because of its drag on the extrudate surface. Consequently it becomes hotter than the surrounding coolant. Since heat flow from the surface of the extrudate is proportional to the difference in temperature between the extrusion and the coolant, the hotter layer at the surface of the extrudate reduces the overall heat transfer.

Greater coolant velocity creates turbulence in the boundary layer and mixes the main body of the coolant with the boundary layer near the extrudate surface. Additionally, turbulence at the extrudate’s surface reduces drag. Finally, increased velocity moves the hotter coolant away from the extrudate. So, an important aspect of heat transfer is the velocity of the water or gas near the surface of the extrudate or tooling component. It can be more important than the actual temperature of the coolant. Turbulent flow increases convective heat transfer, increases mass transfer and mixing, and reduces drag, all of which are all favorable to increased cooling of the extrudate.

Reynolds numbers (Re) below 1000 are considered indicative of laminar flow. Numbers ranging from 1000 to 10,000 are considered a transition zone, and beyond that is turbulent flow. Turbulence is determined by calculating the Reynold’s number as follows: 

u = velocity, dn = hydraulic diameter, and V = kinematic viscosity.

In the accompanying graph, the Re is compared with the Nusselt number, which is a ratio of convection to conduction heat transfer, for a corrugated and a smooth tube. A higher Nusselt number indicates increased convective heat transfer.

How do you apply this to your process? Each process has to be treated a little differently, but with the same goal—to achieve turbulence at the heat-exchange surface to maximize heat transfer. For example, in a chill roll for sheet/cast film, cooling turbulence is created in the spiral wraps to cool the shell. For blow molds, turbulence is generated in the water passages of the mold. In profile tooling, turbulence is established in calibration tooling.

In processes where the tooling does the cooling, the Re can be used to size the cooling channels and even the velocity in the surface film in the calibration tooling. However, in large cooling tanks it’s more difficult to establish turbulent flow. So for pelletizing, pipe, tubing, and some profile applications, it may be hard to significantly increase the velocity of the cooling water to the turbulent range. In those cases you can use jets, bubblers, or baffles to generate the localized velocity necessary to break up the boundary layer.

Even though the temperature of the overall mass of water may remain low, the invisible boundary layer and its temperature gradient surrounding the extrudate restrict heat transfer.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Jim Frankland is a mechanical engineer who has been involved in all types of extrusion processing for more than 40 years. He is now president of Frankland Plastics Consulting, LLC. Contact jim.frankland@comcast.net or (724)651-9196.