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It’s not unusual to have a relatively uniform melt temperature leaving the extruder and/or screen changer and then have a substantial temperature difference “built into” the melt through the flow pipes and other downstream apparatus leading to the die. The longer the downstream apparatus and the lower the flow velocity, the more variation that can be built in.

In a previous column (March 2010), I discussed the degradation that can occur due to low flow velocity. The same factor can build in variation in melt temperature, which influences die-flow stability, particularly in thin cross-sections and thin coextrusion layers. These variations are often blamed on poor screw design, and operators typically respond by increasing screen-pack density. But that approach actually adds to the melt temperature, reduces the output, and offers no improvement. Sometimes it makes matters worse.

Polymer flow is always laminar or layer-like because of the high viscosities, so pressure flow in a round pipe is essentially in concentric rings around the center. The highest flow always occurs in the center of the pipe, with decreasing flow velocity as the distance increases from the center. Since the polymer sticks to the walls of the orifice, the velocity is zero at the walls and maximum at the center. The hotter polymer—having a lower viscosity—moves to the geometric center of the flow area, where shear stress from the drag on the walls is minimal.

Figure 1 shows an ideal flow velocity. The flow approaches plug flow, and the velocity is pretty uniform, although still zero at the walls. This is an ideal design but cannot always be implemented for a variety of reasons. Figure 2 shows a more typical situation, where the flow orifices are oversized to control pressure or the output is reduced for other reasons. Figure 2 is what would be expected in an isothermal condition at about half the potential for plug flow.

In Fig. 3, the orifice walls are at a substantially lower temperature than the melt entering the orifice. This results in a more concentrated center flow with a higher velocity, and a larger area of the orifice filled with slower to very-slow-moving polymer. This results in a greater variation of melt temperature entering the die and is a poor operating choice. This is often a result of assuming the melt can be cooled in that way, but that either has no effect or actually increases the melt temperature because of the increased pressure drop due to the reduced flow area. Polymers are excellent insulators, and trying to cool them in laminar flow at the wall is very ineffective.